The Effects of Protein-Energy Malnutrition On Children Under Five Years of Age

Abstract

Nutritive status is one of the essential pointers for crucial signs of health. Malnutrition is a public health problem of
significant significance in growing countries. Malnutrition affects about one in five children and is associated with a higher risk of
inflammation and other diseases. This review identifies several protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) types and presents our
perspective on PEM. This review outlines the diseases caused by PEM and the variables influenced by PEM. Additionally, it
describes how children are fed in India. The term "severe acute malnutrition" has replaced the term PEM, which was once used
to describe children with severe wasting and kwashiorkor (nutritional edema). The determinants of PEM can be broadly divided
into four groups: biological, environmental, behavioural, and healthcare service-related factors. This article reviews malnutrition
health status in developing countries, its classifications, determinants, epidemiology and impact, biochemical disturbances in the
body, laboratory investigation, diseases, effects on the brain, and influence of climate change.